5.2 What research efforts have been made?
HIV vaccines and microbicides would benefit people in all countries, from the richest to the poorest.
Funding for research into the development of preventive vaccines nearly doubled from US$ 327 million in 2000 to nearly US$ 630 million in 2005.
Since 2001, research and development into safe and effective vaginal microbicides has gathered momentum with research money reaching an estimated US$ 163 million in 2005. Such microbicides could help prevent HIV transmission by killing the microbes in the vagina. Large-scale human trials are already under way to test how effective these drugs and other methods, such as the use of a female diaphragm and adult male circumcision, are in preventing HIV.
In almost three-quarters of countries, any research involving humans has to be approved by an ethics committee to make sure that trials are carried out in an acceptable manner. However, people living with HIV and the people caring for them, are usually insufficiently involved in reviewing the way research is carried out.
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